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Distribution System Engineering

Advanced treatment of distributed-generation interconnection and electric power quality in modern distribution systems. The course examines rotating-machine and inverter-based resources, modeling and protection of low-inertia systems, interconnection and islanding concerns, and the causes, classification, measurement, and mitigation of common power-quality disturbances.

Instructors
Objectives
  • Compare synchronous, induction, and inverter-interfaced distributed-generation technologies.
  • Develop appropriate steady-state, transient, and fault models for distributed energy resources.
  • Explain interconnection, islanding, grounding, overvoltage, control, and protection requirements for distributed resources.
  • Assess the challenges created by low-inertia and current-limited inverter-based systems.
  • Define electric power quality in terms of equipment compatibility, supply characteristics, current, and system impedance.
  • Classify transients, interruptions, sags, swells, unbalance, distortion, fluctuations, and frequency variations.
  • Evaluate voltage-sag and momentary-interruption characteristics, equipment sensitivity, and mitigation options.
  • Analyze harmonic sources, spectra, system response, resonance, and harmonic-control principles.
Modules
1 Module 1: Distributed Generation Interconnection, Integration and Protection Part 1
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Description: Introduces the economic, reliability, resilience, and sustainability drivers for distributed energy resources. It surveys cogeneration, photovoltaics, wind, hydro, and storage, then compares synchronous, induction, and inverter-interfaced resources and their characteristic steady-state and fault models.

2 Module 2: Distributed Generation Interconnection, Integration and Protection Part 2
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Description: Examines utility interconnection requirements and the behavior of distributed resources during normal and abnormal grid conditions. Topics include voltage and frequency response, grounding, fault current, relay coordination, ride-through, communications, and the operating impacts of increasing DER penetration.

3 Module 3: Distributed Generation Interconnection, Integration and Protection Part 3
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Description: Focuses on islanding detection, temporary and transient overvoltage, protection and control of low-inertia and current-limited systems, inverter-dominated feeder behavior, modeling limitations, and future approaches to reliable DER integration.

4 Module 4: Introduction to Electric Power Quality
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Description: Defines power quality through equipment performance and electromagnetic compatibility, contrasts power quality with reliability, identifies current and system impedance as root causes of voltage distortion, and discusses distribution-system disturbances, customer impacts, and economic cost.

5 Module 5: Power Quality Phenomena
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Description: Classifies power-quality disturbances by magnitude, duration, and spectral content. It covers impulsive and oscillatory transients, short- and long-duration voltage variations, interruptions, sags, swells, unbalance, waveform distortion, voltage fluctuations, and power-frequency variations.

6 Module 6: Voltage Sags and Momentary Interruptions
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Description: Examines sag and interruption magnitude, duration, and phase characteristics; faults and large-load starts as sources; equipment sensitivity; utility fault-clearing practices; and source, system, and end-use methods for reducing the frequency and impact of these events.

7 Module 7: Power System Harmonics
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Description: Introduces linear and nonlinear loads, Fourier representation of distorted waveforms, characteristic harmonic orders, current flow through system impedance, voltage distortion, series and parallel resonance, harmonic indices, and principles for filtering and controlling harmonics.