Power Generation, Operation & Control
Graduate-level treatment of the economic, optimization, network-analysis, scheduling, and control methods used to operate modern electric-power systems. The course develops generation-unit cost models, economic dispatch, unit commitment, limited-energy scheduling, power flow, security analysis, optimal power flow, state estimation, automatic generation control, interchange, auctions, power markets, and financial transmission rights through 23 lecture modules and 27 worked problem sessions.
Objectives
- Model generation-unit input-output, heat-rate, incremental-cost, and operating-limit characteristics.
- Formulate and solve economic-dispatch problems using Lagrange multipliers, Karush-Kuhn-Tucker conditions, and participation factors.
- Account for transmission losses using incremental losses, penalty factors, and locational marginal prices.
- Apply linear programming and dynamic programming to power-system operating problems.
- Formulate unit commitment and solve representative schedules using dynamic programming and Lagrangian relaxation.
- Schedule fuel-limited thermal generation, take-or-pay gas contracts, hydroelectric generation, and pumped storage.
- Build bus-and-branch network models and solve AC, decoupled, and DC power-flow problems.
- Perform security and contingency analysis using PTDF and LODF sensitivity factors.
- Formulate DC and AC optimal-power-flow problems and interpret their engineering and economic results.
- Apply weighted least-squares state estimation, bad-data detection, and observability concepts to power-system measurements.
- Explain turbine-governor response, frequency regulation, tie-line control, and automatic generation control.
- Analyze interchange transactions, power pools, brokers, auctions, organized markets, and financial transmission rights.
- Relate optimization results to marginal costs, congestion, losses, ancillary services, and transmission pricing.
- Use MATLAB-based laboratory programs and power-system data sets to reproduce and extend course calculations.
Textbooks
Power Generation, Operation, and Control, 3rd Edition
Allen J. Wood, Bruce F. Wollenberg, Gerald B. Sheblé · Wiley
Modules
Description: Introduces the economic-dispatch and unit-commitment problems, limited fuel and hydro resources, transmission constraints, system security, optimal power flow, state estimation, automatic generation control, and market transactions that organize the course.
Description: Develops input-output, heat-rate, and incremental-cost characteristics for steam, combined-cycle, and hydroelectric generating units, including valve-point effects and common-header plants.
Description: Compares regulated and competitive electric-industry structures and introduces utility organization, generation competition, spot markets, transmission access, financial statements, and investment decisions.
Description: Builds constrained-optimization fundamentals using gradients, equality and inequality constraints, Lagrange functions, multipliers, and Karush-Kuhn-Tucker optimality conditions.
Description: Formulates linear programs in canonical form and explains feasible regions, slack variables, basic feasible solutions, the simplex method, dual variables, and sensitivity interpretations.
Description: Introduces multistage decision problems, the principle of optimality, recursive cost calculations, state transitions, and backtracking through a shortest-path example.
Description: Formulates thermal economic dispatch, derives equal-incremental-cost and KKT conditions, enforces generator limits and load balance, and develops lambda-iteration solution logic.
Description: Extends economic dispatch to piecewise-linear costs, linear-programming formulations, base-point and participation-factor methods, transmission losses, penalty factors, LMP, and auction mechanisms.
Description: Introduces unit-combination scheduling over changing load, start-up and shut-down costs, minimum up/down times, spinning reserve, priority-list methods, and dynamic-programming commitment.
Description: Develops Lagrangian-relaxation unit commitment, separates unit subproblems from the system loading constraint, updates multipliers, and discusses ramp-rate and operating constraints.
Description: Formulates limited-fuel scheduling for take-or-pay gas contracts, storage and delivery constraints, multiple time intervals, and linear-programming allocation of fuel-constrained generation.
Description: Develops hydrothermal coordination with reservoir-volume, discharge, generation, and load-balance constraints and examines linear- and dynamic-programming approaches to hydro scheduling.
Description: Moves from substation topology to bus-and-branch network models and develops equipment modeling, dispatcher power-flow applications, the bus-admittance matrix, and Newton-Raphson power flow.
Description: Compares decoupled, Gauss-Seidel, and DC power-flow methods and develops transmission-loss calculations, incremental losses, reference-bus penalty factors, and their use in dispatch.
Description: Introduces scheduled and forced outages, the N-1 criterion, system monitoring, contingency analysis, security-constrained corrective action, and ranking or selection of important contingencies.
Description: Develops fast linear sensitivity analysis using power-transfer and line-outage distribution factors, then applies PTDF and LODF calculations to generation and transmission contingencies.
Description: Combines economic dispatch with network equations to formulate AC and DC optimal power flow, generator and line limits, nodal balances, Lagrangians, and constrained network examples.
Description: Examines AC-OPF solution with iterative linear programming and interior-point methods, incorporates voltage and transmission limits, and relates OPF multipliers to LMP, losses, and congestion.
Description: Introduces system state variables, redundant and noisy measurements, weighted least-squares estimation, measurement covariance, linear and AC models, and iterative estimation of bus voltages and angles.
Description: Covers modeling and measurement errors, chi-squared bad-data detection, normalized residuals, bad-measurement identification, observability, pseudo-measurements, and phasor measurement units.
Description: Models turbine-generator, load, prime mover, governor, and tie-line dynamics and develops frequency regulation, area control error, economic participation, and automatic generation control.
Description: Explains why utilities interconnect, classifies energy and reliability transactions, evaluates interchange economics, and introduces contracts, wheeling, transfer capability, and power pools.
Description: Develops energy-broker and auction mechanisms, bid matching and market clearing, transmission-aware auctions, market power, congestion charges, and financial transmission rights.
Description: Works from generator input-output and incremental-cost curves to equal-incremental-cost dispatch, operating limits, total production cost, and system lambda.
Description: Recasts economic dispatch with piecewise-linear generation costs as a linear program and interprets its variables, constraints, and optimal dispatch result.
Description: Extends dispatch to a network with transmission losses and demonstrates how incremental losses and network location affect marginal generation cost and LMP.
Description: Constructs a multistage dynamic-programming solution for unit commitment, including feasible unit combinations, transition decisions, operating cost, and backtracking.
Description: Works a Lagrangian-relaxation commitment problem by relaxing the loading constraint, solving unit subproblems, updating multipliers, and checking schedule feasibility.
Description: Formulates fuel-limited generation across multiple periods with take-or-pay, storage, delivery, and generator constraints and solves the schedule using linear programming.
Description: Develops hydroelectric power and water-discharge relationships and applies reservoir volume, inflow, discharge, generation, and load-balance constraints to hydrothermal scheduling.
Description: Solves a staged hydro-scheduling problem with reservoir state, allowable discharge decisions, thermal replacement cost, recursive optimization, and terminal-volume constraints.
Description: Frames the operating-security problem through outage risk, the N-1 criterion, limit monitoring, contingency selection, and preventive or corrective operating actions.
Description: Uses a six-bus power-flow case to calculate incremental transmission losses and reference-bus penalty factors and then incorporates those factors into economic dispatch.
Description: Performs AC and DC contingency analysis on a six-bus system, comparing base and stressed cases, line or generator outages, overload detection, and corrective actions.
Description: Calculates power-transfer and line-outage distribution factors and applies them to estimate post-transfer and post-outage line flows without resolving a full power flow.
Description: Builds a network-constrained optimal-power-flow calculation from generator costs, nodal balances, line limits, and sensitivity factors and interprets the optimal generation schedule.
Description: Uses three- and six-bus OPF cases to calculate locational marginal prices and examine how generator deratings and transmission constraints create congestion-price differences.
Description: Compares DC- and AC-OPF formulations, line and voltage constraints, iterative linear programming, security-constrained OPF, and the relationship among LMP, losses, and congestion.
Description: Works through interior-point optimal-power-flow mechanics and uses optimality multipliers and network sensitivities to calculate and interpret locational marginal prices.
Description: Introduces measurement redundancy, regression, weighted least squares, state variables, residuals, and the use of line-flow sensitivity calculations in state-estimation examples.
Description: Carries out weighted least-squares state-estimation calculations, assembling measurement and Jacobian matrices, weighting measurements, iterating the state, and evaluating residual error.
Description: Applies AC state estimation to multiple six-bus measurement cases, including missing angle measurements, zero injections, observability, bad data, and practical estimator operation.
Description: Analyzes turbine-governor and load-frequency response after a generator or load disturbance and develops tie-line bias control, area control error, and AGC participation.
Description: Evaluates multiarea interchange schedules, economy transactions, tie-line flows, reliability support, power-pool coordination, and the allocation of benefits among interconnected utilities.
Description: Constructs supply and demand bids, clears a power auction, calculates buyer and seller outcomes, and compares bilateral, brokered, and centralized market arrangements.
Description: Compares regulated and deregulated electricity systems and examines competitive generation, transmission access, market operators, auction theory, market clearing, and market power.
Description: Clears a transmission-constrained power auction with OPF, showing how bids, transactions, line limits, ancillary services, and network feasibility affect dispatch and prices.
Description: Works a complete network power-market example, linking bids, dispatch, transactions, congestion, market settlement, and the operating constraints enforced by the market calculation.
Description: Examines transmission-loss allocation, transmission-company revenue, usage and congestion charges, generation-to-load responsibilities, and pricing of ancillary services.
Description: Calculates and auctions financial transmission rights, applies simultaneous-feasibility constraints, and relates FTR payouts to congestion revenue and transmission-price risk hedging.